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The main haemoglobin that forms during the gestation period is Fetal Haemoglobin(HbF). But this globin chain is replaced and is taken over by adult haemoglobin. Sometimes this switch from fetal to adult fails to occur leading to production of HbF as in case of sickle cell anaemia. It is also observed that HbF expression is also seen under malignant condition, in DNA methylation, HbF inducing factor or even oncofetal gene. The spleen, liver, and gut all develop the capacity to manufacture foetal haemoglobin in cancer. A few factors that induce HbF cells, like interleukin-3 and stem cell growth factor, also encourage HbF erythropoiesis. It has been discovered that the F cells located inside tumours have embryonic features. In addition to reactivating the Hbf gene expression in erythrocyte precursors, tumour tissues, or haematopoietic tissue, DNA hypomethylating drugs are sometimes thought to be a contributing component in the development of neoplasia in tumour cells. The analysis of numerous tumour cells revealed that there is a significant quantity of foetal haemoglobin. A significant amount of foetal RBC is also anticipated to offer a good and increased oxygen supply in the case of specific tumours. Identification of various haematological switching is still under research and in this review, a correlation has been shown between various types of cancer and sickle cell anaemic patients pathological state underlying major etiology and their outcome.
Keywords: Fetal haemoglobin, oncofetal gene, sickle cell anaemia, cancer